A simple explanation of the types of OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS! Your first step to becoming an engineer [Part 1]

When classified according to input/output voltage range, they are mainly divided into the following three types.
You've probably heard of one of them.

1. Dual-supply POWER SUPPLIES OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

An operational OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS that operates between positive and negative "dual POWER SUPPLIES"

2. Single-POWER SUPPLIES OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS capable of single-POWER SUPPLIES operation

3. Rail-to-Rail OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS whose inputs and outputs can operate from the positive rail to the negative rail

POWER SUPPLIES voltage of OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS is not directly related to this name.
Basically, any OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS can operate by connecting both positive and negative POWER SUPPLIES, or by connecting GND to the positive POWER SUPPLIES, or GND to the negative POWER SUPPLIES.

So what do these names, dual POWER SUPPLIES and single POWER SUPPLIES supply, mean?

To do this, you need to understand "single POWER SUPPLIES operation."

The main function of OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS is signal amplification, and in order to amplify small signals around 0V, by using POWER SUPPLIES of both positive and negative polarity, the input signal can be handled at exactly half the ± POWER SUPPLIES.

This can be easily imagined as the amplification operation of a typical OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS.

This operation can be achieved with both dual OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS POWER SUPPLIES and single-POWER SUPPLIES OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS.
Next, let's replace POWER SUPPLIES of OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS with a single POWER SUPPLIES. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS can be either a dual POWER SUPPLIES OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS or a single POWER SUPPLIES OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS. The input signal is +V/2, which is half of POWER SUPPLIES range.

This usage can be done with either OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS.
When dealing with signals exactly halfway between POWER SUPPLIES rails, both OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS are no different.
However, the story changes when we try to handle signals near the negative rail, as shown in the following diagram.

In fact, when a dual-POWER SUPPLIES OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS tries to handle a signal close to POWER SUPPLIES rails like this, the output waveform will not look like the output waveform Vo in the diagram above, but will instead result in an unintended waveform.
This is due to the internal circuit configuration of OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS and is not abnormal. Op OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS have a set voltage range that they can handle, and this range is specified in their datasheets.
The ability to ideally output a signal near 0V with a single POWER SUPPLIES connection as shown in the diagram above is called "single POWER SUPPLIES operation," and OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS whose internal circuitry has been improved to enable single POWER SUPPLIES operation is called a single POWER SUPPLIES OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS.
In other words, OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS that can handle signals near 0V when operated with a single POWER SUPPLIES is called a "single POWER SUPPLIES OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS," while a general OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS that requires both positive and negative POWER SUPPLIES when trying to handle signals near 0V is called a "dual-POWER SUPPLIES OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS."

The dual POWER SUPPLIES OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS single POWER SUPPLIES OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS explained so far cannot handle all signals within POWER SUPPLIES supply voltage range. In the case of dual POWER SUPPLIES, signals near +V and -V cannot be handled, and in the case of a single POWER SUPPLIES, signals near +V cannot be handled.
Assuming that both OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS are connected to both positive and negative POWER SUPPLIES, the voltage range they can actually handle is as follows:

POWER SUPPLIES (here +V, -V) is called a rail, and an op amp that can handle voltages close to the rail is called a Rail to Rail OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS.

This range of signals that can be handled is called the dynamic range, and is generally

Dual-POWER SUPPLIES OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS < Single POWER SUPPLIES OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS < Rail-to-rail OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

The dynamic range increases in this order.